Various Notes for Exam One

Various Notes Exam One

Endosymbiotic theory: A model for the evolution of eukaryots which states that organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryot.

Many gram negative organisms are pathogens.

Gram stain: differential stain based upon cell walls

Non-motile bacteria have no flagella.

Bacterial cells have an overall negative charge.

Vibrio = diahrrea
Spirillum = STD

Plants are eukaryotic

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (specific epithet)

Bacteriology: study of bacteria
Mycology: study of fungi
Parasitology: study of protozoa and parasitic worms
Genomics: study of all an organisms genes
Immunology: study of immunity
Virology: study of viruses
Genetic engineering: recombinant DNA technology
Microbial genetics
Molecular biology
Bioremediation: clean up
Microbial ecology: relationship between microbes and their environment.

E. coli is gram negative

Protoplast: gram + , wall-less cell damaged by lysozyme before lysis occurs
Spheroplast: lysozyme damaged gram – cell.
Both protoplasts and spheroplasts are subject to osmotic lysis in pure water, or diluted sugar/salt solutions.

Antibiotics destroy bacteria by interfering with the peptide cross bridges (gram +) of peptidoglycan. Thus preventing formation of a functional cell wall. Does not occur in gram – cells because their outer layer forms a barrier and they have less peptidoglycan.

Bacillus and Clostridium make endospores.
Bacillus causes anthrax and food poisoning
Clostridium causes gangrene, tetnus, botulism, and fp.
Endospores can survive millions of years.
Endospores are mostly in gram + bacteria.
Coxiella burnetti is the only gram – endospore producer discovered so far.

Heterotroph: requires an organic carbon source
Chemoheterotroph: uses organic materials as a source of carbon and energy

Autotroph: Uses CO2 as its principle carbon source
Chemoautotroph: uses an inorganic chemical as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source
Photoautotroph: uses light as its energy source and CO2 as its carbon source